An HVAC filter is a component in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems that removes particulate matter and other contaminants from the air. Its two main functions are to improve indoor air quality by trapping pollutants like dust, pollen, and pet dander, and to protect the HVAC system itself by preventing debris from damaging internal components. Filters vary in size, material, and efficiency, with their effectiveness measured by their MERV rating.